The Present paper attempted to explore stock market volatility patterns using both symmetric as well as asymmetric models particularly whether negative and positive news have same impact on the stock market volatility or there is difference in their impact and along with whether FIIs influence the volatility. The monthly data on closing stock prices were taken from website of National Stock Exchange from 1st January 1999 to 31st May 2019 and for foreign Institutional investment, Reserve Bank of India’s website was considered. Augmented Dickey Fuller test of unit root was employed to check the stationarity of the data. To find the asymmetry affect two tests from GARCH family, Exponential GARCH model and Threshold GARCH model were used. The study found the clear presence of asymmetry in the return series meaning thereby any negative news in the market have a larger impact on the volatility than any positive shock. FIIs found to have positive but insignificant impact on stock market volatility of NSE in India for the study period. But GARCH-M model found no evidence of risk premium indicating no reward for assuming additional risk. Finally the study affirms GARCH (1,1) and E-GARCH are the better performers in symmetric and asymmetric category of techniques respectively following the lowest values of Akaike information criteria and Schwartz information criteria.

Keywords : Volatility, FIIs, GARCH, Stationarity, NIFTY, symmetric and Asymmetric

Author : Ms. Sapna, DrArwinder Singh

Title : Modelling Stock Market Volatility: A Study of NIFTY Returns

Volume/Issue : 2025;07(02)

Page No : 1-13

The term “Dividend Decision or policy” is a kind of strategy in which a firm or a company utilises to organise its dividend payments to the consumers or shareholders. In this case, some investigators recommend that the dividend policy may be inconvenient or irrelevant according to the theory, as the investor can sell a part of their shares as per the necessity of the funds or capitals of them. Furthermore, the dividend policy is attentive towards the economical guidelines in respect of providing cash dividend payments at present or contributing an onward dividend at the later phases. Simultaneously, the issuance of the dividend payment structure is chiefly concentrated on the basis of the firm’s unoccupied cash and affected through the firm’s long-term earning capacity. But, whenever the surplus amount remains and is not required by the firm, then the authority is envisaged to contribute some or all of those excess earnings in the form of cash payments of dividends or repeatedly buying the company’s share throughout a share buyback or repurchase activities. At the same time, the term “Value of the Firm” is a calculation of the firm’s entire value and frequently utilised as a more apprehensive variation to the equity finance market. Practically, the firm value not only incorporates the measurement of the market investment of a company, but also includes the short and long-term liability as well as any fund of the company’s financial report together. In short, the ‘Value of the Firm’ is a kind of reputed metric utility on behalf of the valuation of a company for the probable acquisition. The primary objectives of the endeavours here is to analyze the views of the Indian investors, corporate executives and financial analysts quintessentially which reveals the grassroots level messages to the higher corporate executives and financial analysts as well. The endeavour deals with mainly to evaluate the views of Indian investors, company executives and stock market analysts towards dividend decisions and to analyze dividend decisions and value of the firm.

Keywords : Dividend Decision, Value of the firm, Investors, Company executives, Stock market analysts, Respondents.

Author : Sudarshan Roy, J. K. Das

Title : Dividend Decision and Value of the firm _ an empirical study in Indian Investors

Volume/Issue : 2025;07(02)

Page No : 14-27

Wound is defined as a disruption of cellular, anatomical and functional continuity of a living tissue. Several drugs of plants, minerals and animals origins are described in ayurvedic for their wound healing potential. Thus, the methanol extract of Rivea hypocrateriformis (whole plant) was investigated for the evaluation of their wound healing potential on excision wound model in wistar rats. The present study consequence the ointment of plant mixture has significant effects on wound contraction, wound closure time, tensile strength and regeneration of tissues on wound site, among other effects. All of these effects were comparable to those of the standard drug Povidone iodine ointment 5%. Thus, this wound healing evaluation study demonstrates the R. hypocrateriformis is effective in stimulating the closure of wounds.

Keywords : Rivea hypocrateriformis, methanol extract, povidone iodine ointment, wistar rats.

Author : Iswarya S, Mary kensaV

Title : EVALUATION OF WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT ON RIVEA HYPOCRATERIFORMIS (Desr.) Choisy.

Volume/Issue : 2025;07(02)

Page No : 28-39

Physical Fitness is important for having a healthy lifestyle. Being physically fit becomes very strenuous for youth due to busy schedules and workloads. Before the Industrial Revolution, carrying out the day's activities helped to be healthy. However physical fitness is now considered the ability of a body to perform function efficiently and effectively. Youth has chosen a lifestyle that is unhealthy and unfit. This unhealthy lifestyle gives birth to many diseases. It seems that an unhealthy lifestyle not only affects physical fitness it's also affecting mental health. After the pandemic, it was observed that the availability of seats in hospitals became very difficult. There are several diseases that can be cured at home if we can find solutions based on the symptoms. Physical Fitness app will help in finding out the home treatment for several diseases. It will help for good physic, a strong immune system, a healthy lifestyle, and a peaceful mind.

Keywords : Physical Fitness, Health Tracking, Mental Health Exercise, Android App, Firebase

Author : Sakshi lambat, Prajkta Gadpayle, Prachi lohi, Aarti Bagde, Shubhangi Chaware

Title : DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ANDROID BASE PHYSICAL FITNESS APPLICATION

Volume/Issue : 2025;07(02)

Page No : 40-46

Internet of Things (IoT) is a common thing (object) in today’s world, which serves as part of our routine life activities. Although it benefits the residential district in several ways, various challenges such as data confidentiality and privacy are created. As a matter of fact, the community is concerned what information may leak out via IoT. Therefore, the needs of a secure environment is vital in order to secure the transmitting data from it devices over the network. As a result, in this paper, a secure scheme is suggested on using image steganography as an alternative security mechanism in conjunction with a home server to secure the transmitted data from IP camera as the IoT device to the other devices, either in LAN or WAN networks.

Keywords : Internet of things; Image steganography; Information disclosure;

Author : ELANCHELIAN V, MADHIVENDHAN M, MADHAN B

Title : SECURING DATA IN INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) USING CRYPTOGRAPHY AND STENOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

Volume/Issue : 2025;07(02)

Page No : 47-51

Now a days there is a huge competition in the automobile industries and every leading company want to provide their customers with the efficient products which meets their requirements. The basic requirement for any automobile starts with MPG, Price, Model etc. Further in the manufacturing of the vehicle or the product one need to check the MPG and it is mostly done manually. However, in this paper a model is implemented with machine learning approach which is used to calculate the fuel efficiency automatically by considering the basic parameters. As all the parameters are not going to affect the final outcome some selected parameters are used like displacement, number of cylinders, horsepower, weight, acceleration etc. The MPG and also termed as fuel efficiency will be calculated using XGBOOST with GridSearchCV and linear regression algorithms and improved accuracy up to 90%.

Keywords : XGBOOST with GridSearchCV, MPG(mileage per gallon), fuel efficiency, Linear Regression.

Author : K.Venkateswara Rao, Bharathi S, Nasreen Sulthana Sk, Bhargavi S, Sri Venkata AvinashT

Title : Prediction of Millage Per Gallon with ML and using User Interface

Volume/Issue : 2025;07(02)

Page No : 52-60

Financial inclusion has emerged as a cornerstone of inclusive economic growth by enabling individuals and businesses to access affordable, reliable, and sustainable financial services. In India, the convergence of digital banking technologies with large-scale government initiatives has significantly accelerated financial inclusion, transforming the country's financial landscape over the past decade. This review critically examines the evolution of financial inclusion in India and evaluates the role of digital banking in expanding access to banking, digital payments, credit, insurance, and other financial services. Particular emphasis is placed on the transformative impact of flagship initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), Aadhaar-based digital identity, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), and the Digital India programme, which together constitute India's Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). The review further explores the contributions of fintech innovations, mobile banking, artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, and open banking in strengthening financial inclusion across rural, semi-urban, and underserved populations. Despite remarkable progress, persistent challenges including the digital divide, cybersecurity risks, inadequate financial literacy, gender disparities, data privacy concerns, and uneven digital infrastructure continue to hinder equitable access to digital financial services. The article discusses these challenges while highlighting emerging opportunities presented by the Digital Rupee, embedded finance, offline payment solutions, and AI-driven personalized banking. It concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing digital trust, improving financial literacy, strengthening cybersecurity frameworks, and fostering greater collaboration among regulators, financial institutions, and fintech companies. The review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent developments and offers insights for policymakers, researchers, financial institutions, and technology developers seeking to build a more inclusive,resilient, and sustainable digital financial ecosystem in India.

Keywords : Financial Inclusion; Digital Banking; Digital Public Infrastructure; Unified Payments Interface; FinTech; Financial Literacy; Digital Payments.

Author : Babu Rao Vakada, V. Dhanya Sri Sowmya

Title : Financial Inclusion and Digital Banking in India: Progress, Challenges, Emerging Technologies, and Future Prospects

Volume/Issue : 2025;07(02)

Page No : 61-82